世界生命科學(xué)前沿動(dòng)態(tài)周報(bào)（五十六）

（9.5-9.11/2011）
美寶國際集團(tuán):陶國新 

　　主要內(nèi)容：全面比較胚胎干細(xì)胞和誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞的蛋白質(zhì)組；耐力鍛煉能夠促進(jìn)骨髓造血作用；解決抗癌藥物抗藥性的新策略；自吞噬通過溶酶體水解調(diào)節(jié)泡沫細(xì)胞中膽固醇外流；衰老的系統(tǒng)環(huán)境降低了神經(jīng)形成和認(rèn)知功能；T細(xì)胞急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病與胰島素樣生長因子受體1過高表達(dá)有關(guān)。

　　焦點(diǎn)動(dòng)態(tài)：解決抗癌藥物抗藥性的新策略。

1.  全面比較胚胎干細(xì)胞和誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞的蛋白質(zhì)組

【動(dòng)態(tài)】    
　　美國科學(xué)家利用高準(zhǔn)度質(zhì)譜、同位素標(biāo)記和多元化大規(guī)模定量分析蛋白信息的軟件相結(jié)合的技術(shù)，三重測定了四種胚胎干細(xì)胞和四種誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞的非常全面的蛋白質(zhì)組。這24個(gè)多能細(xì)胞樣本的比較產(chǎn)生了一大套鑒定的蛋白質(zhì)和磷酸化位點(diǎn)。其統(tǒng)計(jì)分析顯示胚胎干細(xì)胞和誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞在蛋白表達(dá)和蛋白磷酸化方面存在微小但可重復(fù)的差異。將這些數(shù)據(jù)和RNA序列分析數(shù)據(jù)合并，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)在各個(gè)調(diào)節(jié)層面上存在與功能相關(guān)的差異。文章中也介紹了干細(xì)胞組學(xué)庫（SCOR）,一個(gè)資源庫用于核對和顯示多層面測量的定量信息，包括mRNA、蛋白質(zhì)和翻譯后修飾。這是第一次對蛋白質(zhì)組進(jìn)行了如此細(xì)致全面的比較，得益于蛋白質(zhì)質(zhì)譜精度的提高和一次比較多達(dá)8種細(xì)胞系的技術(shù)。但是由于用于臨床的話需要多能細(xì)胞分化成具有特定功能的體細(xì)胞，所以還需要進(jìn)一步研究干細(xì)胞分化后的蛋白生產(chǎn)情況。

【點(diǎn)評】
　　目前的技術(shù)進(jìn)步使得科學(xué)家們可以更深入的研究細(xì)胞之間所含物質(zhì)成分的差異，對于研究細(xì)胞的生長變化過程很有幫助。但是對于多能干細(xì)胞的臨床應(yīng)用推動(dòng)不大，這是細(xì)胞移植的替代療法固有缺陷所決定的。

【參考論文】
Nature Methods, 2011; DOI:10.1038/nmeth.1699
Proteomic and phosphoproteomic comparison of human ES and iPS cells
Douglas H Phanstiel, Justin Brumbaugh, Craig D Wenger, et al.
Combining high-mass-accuracy mass spectrometry, isobaric tagging and software for multiplexed, large-scale protein quantification, we report deep proteomic coverage of four human embryonic stem cell and four induced pluripotent stem cell lines in biological triplicate. This 24-sample comparison resulted in a very large set of identified proteins and phosphorylation sites in pluripotent cells. The statistical analysis afforded by our approach revealed subtle but reproducible differences in protein expression and protein phosphorylation between embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent cells. Merging these results with RNA-seq analysis data, we found functionally related differences across each tier of regulation. We also introduce the Stem Cell–Omics Repository (SCOR), a resource to collate and display quantitative information across multiple planes of measurement, including mRNA, protein and post-translational modifications.

1.耐力鍛煉能夠促進(jìn)骨髓造血作用
【動(dòng)態(tài)】
　　耐力鍛煉能夠促進(jìn)骨髓造血作用， 加拿大科學(xué)家研究了耐力訓(xùn)練對造血作用的直接影響及其可能的作用機(jī)制。在跑步機(jī)上訓(xùn)練4周大的雄性C57Bl/6老鼠十個(gè)星期，速度逐步提高，最后一次訓(xùn)練兩天后收集組織。用流式細(xì)胞儀、鵝卵石區(qū)域形成細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)、甲基纖維素菌落形成實(shí)驗(yàn)評價(jià)骨髓中被動(dòng)員的造血干細(xì)胞和祖細(xì)胞。用實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR和蛋白質(zhì)印跡實(shí)驗(yàn)測定造血細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生。用組化實(shí)驗(yàn)評價(jià)骨髓微環(huán)境對訓(xùn)練的適應(yīng)性變化。對于不同類型細(xì)胞，耐力訓(xùn)練能夠增加骨髓中被動(dòng)員的造血干細(xì)胞和祖細(xì)胞50%到800%。訓(xùn)練同時(shí)減少了78%的骨髓腔脂肪，增加了至少60%骨骼肌造血因子的表達(dá)。 不運(yùn)動(dòng)的老鼠作為以上實(shí)驗(yàn)的對照組。結(jié)論是，耐力訓(xùn)練大大促進(jìn)了造血作用，機(jī)制是通過改善骨髓微環(huán)境結(jié)構(gòu)和增加骨骼肌造血因子的表達(dá)。一周三次，每次跑不到半小時(shí)，已足夠?qū)?shí)驗(yàn)鼠的骨髓造血作用產(chǎn)生顯著影響。

【點(diǎn)評】
　　間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞最可能變成脂肪或骨細(xì)胞，取決于所走路線。利用跑步機(jī)訓(xùn)練老鼠，該研究表明有氧鍛煉觸發(fā)這些細(xì)胞更多變成骨細(xì)胞而不是脂肪，而不運(yùn)動(dòng)的老鼠的相同干細(xì)胞更多變成脂肪。

【參考論文】
The FASEB Journal, 2011; DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-189043
Endurance exercise training promotes medullary hematopoiesis
J. M. Baker, M. De Lisio, G. Parise.
Endurance exercise is a poorly defined yet powerful mediator of hematopoiesis. The purpose of this study was to directly investigate the effects of endurance exercise training on hematopoiesis and to identify potential mechanisms responsible for any observed changes. Four-week-old male C57Bl/6 mice were trained on a treadmill at progressive speeds over a 10-wk period. Tissues were harvested 2 d following the final training session. Flow cytometry, the cobblestone area-forming cell assay, and the methycellulose colony-forming unit assay were used to assess medullary and mobilized hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blots were used to measure hematopoietic cytokine production. Histochemistry was also used to assess adaptations to exercise in the bone marrow niche. Depending on the cell type, endurance training increased medullary and mobilized hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell content from 50 to 800%. Training also reduced marrow cavity fat by 78%. Skeletal muscle hematopoietic cytokine expression was also increased at least 60% by training. Sedentary mice served as controls for the above experiments. In conclusion, endurance exercise training greatly promotes hematopoiesis and does so through improvements in medullary niche architecture as well as increased skeletal muscle hematopoietic cytokine production.-Baker, J. M., De Lisio, M., Parise, G. Endurance exercise training promotes medullary hematopoiesis.

3.  解決抗癌藥物抗藥性的新策略

【動(dòng)態(tài)】
　　西妥昔單抗是針對表皮生長因子受體（EGFR）的抗體，臨床能有效治療結(jié)腸直腸癌、頭頸癌和非小細(xì)胞肺癌，特別是有野生型致癌基因KRAS 和BRAF的癌癥。但最終都因?yàn)橹饾u產(chǎn)生的抗藥性而限制了其治療效果，而抗藥性原因還不清楚。美國科學(xué)家及其國際合作者的最新研究顯示激活細(xì)胞中ERBB2信號(hào)，不管是通過擴(kuò)增ERBB2還是上調(diào)heregulin，都會(huì)產(chǎn)生持久的細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)的激酶1/2信號(hào)，結(jié)果導(dǎo)致西妥昔單抗抗藥性。抑制ERBB2或破壞ERBB2/ERBB3異二聚體能夠恢復(fù)體內(nèi)外對西妥昔單抗的敏感性。有一組表現(xiàn)出新生的或獲得性的西妥昔單抗抗藥性的結(jié)腸直腸癌患者出現(xiàn)ERBB2擴(kuò)增或高水平人血液heregulin。合在一起看，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)確定了兩種不同的抗藥性機(jī)制，都促進(jìn)了介導(dǎo)西妥昔單抗抗藥性的異常ERBB2信號(hào)。而且，這些結(jié)果提示ERBB2抑制劑與西妥昔單抗聯(lián)合使用可能是合理的治療策略，應(yīng)該在西妥昔單抗抗藥的患者中進(jìn)行評價(jià)。

【點(diǎn)評】
　　該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了西妥昔單抗抗藥的患者中出現(xiàn)的替代EGFR的ERBB2信號(hào)使得癌細(xì)胞得以規(guī)避西妥昔單抗的傷害，堵住ERBB2信號(hào)途徑可以恢復(fù)西妥昔單抗的的抗癌效果。只是這終究是被動(dòng)的應(yīng)對措施，不知道什么時(shí)候癌細(xì)胞又發(fā)展出另一種抗藥機(jī)制。尋找癌癥發(fā)病的最根本原因，開發(fā)主動(dòng)預(yù)防和治療的途徑才是根本解決癌癥的方式。

【參考論文】
Science Translational Medicine, 2011; 3 (99): 99ra86 DOI:10.1126/scitranslmed.3002442
Activation of ERBB2 Signaling Causes Resistance to the EGFR-Directed Therapeutic Antibody Cetuximab
Kimio Yonesaka, Kreshnik Zejnullahu, Isamu Okamoto, et al.
Cetuximab, an antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor, is an effective clinical therapy for patients with colorectal, head and neck, and non-small cell lung cancer, particularly for those with KRAS and BRAF wild-type cancers. Treatment in all patients is limited eventually by the development of acquired resistance, but little is known about the underlying mechanism. Here, we show that activation of ERBB2 signaling in cell lines, either through ERBB2 amplification or through heregulin up-regulation, leads to persistent extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling and consequently to cetuximab resistance. Inhibition of ERBB2 or disruption of ERBB2/ERBB3 heterodimerization restores cetuximab sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. A subset of colorectal cancer patients who exhibit either de novo or acquired resistance to cetuximab-based therapy has ERBB2 amplification or high levels of circulating heregulin. Collectively, these findings identify two distinct resistance mechanisms, both of which promote aberrant ERBB2 signaling, that mediate cetuximab resistance. Moreover, these results suggest that ERBB2 inhibitors, in combination with cetuximab, represent a rational therapeutic strategy that should be assessed in patients with cetuximab-resistant cancers.

4.  自吞噬通過溶酶體水解調(diào)節(jié)泡沫細(xì)胞中膽固醇外流

【動(dòng)態(tài)】
　　脂滴是巨噬細(xì)胞形成的泡沫細(xì)胞中儲(chǔ)存膽固醇的主要地方，也是治療動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的潛在靶點(diǎn)。以膽甾醇酯形式儲(chǔ)存的膽固醇從這里釋放出來轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到膽固醇接受體。現(xiàn)有理論認(rèn)為細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)膽甾醇酯的水解都是中性的膽甾醇酯水解酶的作用。而美國和加拿大的科學(xué)家最近發(fā)現(xiàn)在吞入膽固醇的巨噬細(xì)胞中，除了中性的膽甾醇酯水解酶，溶酶體在水解脂滴膽甾醇酯中也起重要作用。此外，他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)脂滴是通過自吞噬進(jìn)入溶酶體，其中的溶酶體酸性脂肪酶水解脂滴膽甾醇酯產(chǎn)生游離膽固醇，主要是為了ABCA1依賴的外流。這一過程是被巨噬細(xì)胞吞入膽固醇所特異誘導(dǎo)。他們的結(jié)論是巨噬細(xì)胞形成的泡沫細(xì)胞中，溶酶體的水解作用參與了動(dòng)員脂滴中膽固醇進(jìn)行逆行轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。

【點(diǎn)評】
　　膽固醇在動(dòng)脈壁上積累導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化或動(dòng)脈狹窄致使堵塞減少心臟血流，常常最終產(chǎn)生中風(fēng)和心臟病發(fā)作。該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的自吞噬在水解脂滴膽固醇中起作用，可以促使膽固醇從泡沫細(xì)胞中向外轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)而不是內(nèi)流積累，從而減輕膽固醇在動(dòng)脈壁上的積累。

【參考論文】
Cell Metabolism, 2011; 13 (6): 655 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.03.023
Autophagy Regulates Cholesterol Efflux from Macrophage Foam Cells via Lysosomal Acid Lipase
Mireille Ouimet, Vivian Franklin, Esther Mak, et al.
The lipid droplet (LD) is the major site of cholesterol storage in macrophage foam cells and is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Cholesterol, stored as cholesteryl esters (CEs), is liberated from this organelle and delivered to cholesterol acceptors. The current paradigm attributes all cytoplasmic CE hydrolysis to the action of neutral CE hydrolases. Here, we demonstrate an important role for lysosomes in LD CE hydrolysis in cholesterol-loaded macrophages, in addition to that mediated by neutral hydrolases. Furthermore, we demonstrate that LDs are delivered to lysosomes via autophagy, where lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) acts to hydrolyze LD CE to generate free cholesterol mainly for ABCA1-dependent efflux; this process is specifically induced upon macrophage cholesterol loading. We conclude that, in macrophage foam cells, lysosomal hydrolysis contributes to the mobilization of LD-associated cholesterol for reverse cholesterol transport.

5.  衰老的系統(tǒng)環(huán)境降低了神經(jīng)形成和認(rèn)知功能

【動(dòng)態(tài)】
　　在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)，衰老導(dǎo)致成體神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞/祖細(xì)胞以及神經(jīng)形成的迅速減少，同時(shí)伴隨認(rèn)知功能的損害。有趣的是，這種損壞可以通過系統(tǒng)干預(yù)如鍛煉身體而減輕。美國科學(xué)家利用異時(shí)異種共生表明全身存在的血源性因子能夠以年齡依賴性的方式抑制或促進(jìn)老鼠的成體神經(jīng)形成，相應(yīng)的，年輕老鼠置于老的全身環(huán)境或接觸老齡老鼠的血漿會(huì)降低突觸可塑性，損害對恐懼因果關(guān)系和對空間的認(rèn)知和記憶。他們確定了包括CCL11（即嗜酸細(xì)胞激活趨化因子） 在內(nèi)的細(xì)胞因子血漿水平與異時(shí)異種共生和衰老老鼠中的神經(jīng)形成減少有關(guān)，在健康老年人的血漿和腦脊液中這些細(xì)胞因子水平增高。最后，在年輕老鼠體內(nèi)增加外周CCL11趨化因子水平減少了成體神經(jīng)形成和損害了學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力。所有的數(shù)據(jù)合在一起說明了衰老過程中觀察到的神經(jīng)形成減少和認(rèn)知功能損害部分是由于血源性細(xì)胞因子的變化。

【點(diǎn)評】
　　該研究所發(fā)現(xiàn)的血液細(xì)胞因子的變化與衰老表征之間有關(guān)聯(lián)，它們是相互促進(jìn)還是互為因果并不十分清楚。但是如果不從根本上解決衰老問題，這些現(xiàn)象總會(huì)發(fā)生，至于它們之間的相互關(guān)系就不重要了。

【參考論文】
Nature, 2011; 477 (7362): 90 DOI:10.1038/nature10357
The ageing systemic milieu negatively regulates neurogenesis and cognitive function
Saul A. Villeda, Jian Luo, Kira I. Mosher, et al. 
In the central nervous system, ageing results in a precipitous decline in adult neural stem/progenitor cells and neurogenesis, with concomitant impairments in cognitive functions. Interestingly, such impairments can be ameliorated through systemic perturbations such as exercise. Here, using heterochronic parabiosis we show that blood-borne factors present in the systemic milieu can inhibit or promote adult neurogenesis in an age-dependent fashion in mice. Accordingly, exposing a young mouse to an old systemic environment or to plasma from old mice decreased synaptic plasticity, and impaired contextual fear conditioning and spatial learning and memory. We identify chemokines—including CCL11 (also known as eotaxin)—the plasma levels of which correlate with reduced neurogenesis in heterochronic parabionts and aged mice, and the levels of which are increased in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of healthy ageing humans. Lastly, increasing peripheral CCL11 chemokine levels in vivo in young mice decreased adult neurogenesis and impaired learning and memory. Together our data indicate that the decline in neurogenesis and cognitive impairments observed during ageing can be in part attributed to changes in blood-borne factors.

6.  T細(xì)胞急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病與胰島素樣生長因子受體1過高表達(dá)有關(guān)

【動(dòng)態(tài)】
T細(xì)胞急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血?。═-ALL）是未成熟T細(xì)胞的惡性腫瘤，經(jīng)常表現(xiàn)出異常激活Notch1 和 PI3K–Akt信號(hào)途徑。雖然激活PI3K–Akt信號(hào)途徑的基因突變已被確認(rèn)，相關(guān)的生長因子依賴的激活所起的作用還不清楚。美加德法科學(xué)家的國際合作研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了白血病干細(xì)胞的停止信號(hào)，顯示藥物抑制或基因刪除胰島素樣生長因子受體1（IGF1R）阻礙了T-ALL細(xì)胞的生長和活力，而適度減少IGF1R信號(hào)可以中和由在同基因/同源異基因的次級(jí)接受體中的可移植性所定義的白血病起始細(xì)胞的活性。IGF1R是Notch1的一個(gè)作用靶點(diǎn)，而Notch1信號(hào)途徑是維持T-ALL細(xì)胞高水平表達(dá)IGF1R所必須的。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)提示Notch對白血病起始細(xì)胞活性的作用可能部分受增強(qiáng)T-ALL細(xì)胞對周圍環(huán)境中生長因子的反應(yīng)性所調(diào)節(jié)，并為用IGF1R抑制劑提高治療的起始反應(yīng)和長期治愈T-ALL患者提供了很強(qiáng)的理論基礎(chǔ)。

【點(diǎn)評】
該研究表明激素類作用的胰島素樣生長因子受體1功能異常升高可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞癌變促進(jìn)腫瘤起始細(xì)胞的增殖分化。這也提示了某些激素類藥物的使用可能存在的潛在致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

【參考論文】
Journal of Experimental Medicine, 2011; DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110121
High-level IGF1R expression is required for leukemia-initiating cell activity in T-ALL and is supported by Notch signaling
H. Medyouf, S. Gusscott, H. Wang, et al.  
T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive cancer of immature T cells that often shows aberrant activation of Notch1 and PI3K–Akt pathways. Although mutations that activate PI3K–Akt signaling have previously been identified, the relative contribution of growth factor-dependent activation is unclear. We show here that pharmacologic inhibition or genetic deletion of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) blocks the growth and viability of T-ALL cells, whereas moderate diminution of IGF1R signaling compromises leukemia-initiating cell (LIC) activity as defined by transplantability in syngeneic/congenic secondary recipients. Furthermore, IGF1R is a Notch1 target, and Notch1 signaling is required to maintain IGF1R expression at high levels in T-ALL cells. These findings suggest effects of Notch on LIC activity may be mediated in part by enhancing the responsiveness of T-ALL cells to ambient growth factors, and provide strong rationale for use of IGF1R inhibitors to improve initial response to therapy and to achieve long-term cure of patients with T-ALL.